PINEAPPLE JAM
Sri Lanka has two varieties of pineapple, Kewpine and Mauritius. Kewpine is the cooking pineapple, the fruits are larger and they give a better yield of juice. However, the flavour is not as good as the Mauritius variety which being sweeter is usually eaten fresh. We found that the Mauritius variety made a better jam (a better set, flavour and colour). The pulp from pineapple varies (core included) from pH 3.4-4.1. This means that, to give a jam with a good set the recipe has to be adjusted each time new pulp is used. The yield from whole fruit to usable fruit pulp from Mauritius is approximately 30% and for Kewpine 35%. Pineapple contains little or no pectin so pectin must be added when making jam. Pineapples contain the enzyme bromelain, which is a proteolytic enzyme (breaks down proteins). This can cause problems for operators’ hands which are in contact with the juice for long periods during cutting operations, gloves should therefore be worn and washed each day. To make 200 x 1Ib jars of pineapple jam requires approximately 62kg of sugar and 158kg of fresh pineapple.
Recipe
Sugar Fruit pulp Pectin (grade unknown) Water Citric acid 38% 49% (starting recipe 1% before boiling) 12% Added as required
In most countries, preservative is not allowed to be added to the jam. Only a residue of preservative is allowed in jam made from fruit pulp that has been stored with chemical preservatives, (l00ppm sulphur dioxide or 500ppm benzoic acid). Citric acid is not a preservative, it is added to adjust the pH. Jams give a gel when there is the correct ratio of pectin to water and the pH is between 2.5-3.45. The optimum pH to give a good gel is pH 3.0.
Method
Remove stalks and tops from fruits, cut off the outer cortex and pick out the ‘eyes’. Cut the fruit into pieces, discarding any bad fruit. Make the pieces into fruit pulp by liquidising, or passing through a Kenwood colander/sieve (large aperture). Liquidising the pieces gives a fruit pulp with a ‘chunky’ texture but contains a lot of pith and hard pieces. Using the colander/sieve will give a fruit pulp of a smooth consistency, which is good for making pineapple jelly. The residue that does not pass through the colander/sieve can be put into a muslin cloth and the juice squeeze d out to get the maximum extraction of fruit pulp. The yield of fruit pulp from whole fruit is 30% (colander/sieve), 35% (liquidiser). Adjust the pH of the fruit pulp by adding citric acid until it is pH 3.0. This can be measured with a pH meter, or less accurately with pH paper, (using Whatmans pH paper 1-5 pH range, the colour of the juice effects the result, so that a reading 2.5 pH is in fact 3.0 pH). Mix the pectin with a small portion of the sugar. The dry mixing of the pectin is important because pectin powder is very difficult to dissolve in water because it clumps together. If it is still a problem to dissolve, grind the sugar to a fine powder and then mix it with the pectin.
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Pineapple Jam
Practical Action
Mix the water, fruit pulp, and the remaining sugar in a stainless ste el saucepan and start to boil. When nearing the ‘end point’ the dry mix of pectin and sugar is added. (The pectin should not be heated for longer than necessary because it will be broken down and then the jam will not set). Jam should not be boiled for more than 12-15 minutes otherwise this can give rise to caramel flavours, over-sweetness and discoloration, apart from being a waste of energy. By reducing the amount of water in the starting recipe, the boiling time can be reduced. The ‘end point’ is reached when the total soluble solids is up to 70%, this is measured with a refractometer. (In most countries the legal minimum sugar levels in jam, are 65% for jam in hermetically sealed jars, and 68.5% for jam in non air tight containers). 70% gives a safe ty factor. Jam with over 70% sugar can give problems during storage, as sugar will recrystallise out into large chunks. The ‘end point’ is usually reached around 106-108°C (depending on barometric pressure and height above sea level). When the jam has near ly reached this temperature samples are taken and tested on a refractometer, the sample must be cooled before being measured. This can be done by smearing on a cold dry plate or saucepan lid. All implements used to take the sample must be dry otherwise the reading will be reduced. It is important to stir the jam at all times otherwise burning will occur at the bottom of the saucepan, causing off flavours and discoloration. When the ‘end point’ has been reached the jam should be filled into jars which have been cleaned and then steamed to sterilise them, and are still hot so that they do not crack. The jars should be filled as quickly as possible so that the jam is not heated for longer than necessary, or recontaminated because it has cooled down before the jars are sealed. The lip of the jar should be clean and dry (wipe with clean tissue paper) before placing the lid on it. The filled jars can be placed in water to cool down the jam so that it does not keep cooking in the jar, the water level should be kept below the lid of the jars.
Equipment list
Jars, omnia lids, and labels Omnia capper Cooking facilities, gas ring, electric ring, etc Stainless steel saucepan Thermometer in protective jacket Stainless steel cutting knife and spoon Wooden spoon for stirring Refractometer Steam generator (optional) Cutting board Scales Measuring cylinder Funnel Liquidizer Muslin cloth
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Pineapple Jam
Practical Action
Useful addresses and contacts
Note: This is a selective list of suppliers and does not imply endorsement by Practical Action Kenwood Limited New Lane Havant Hampshire PO9 2NH United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 23 9247 6000 Fax: +44 (0) 23 9239 2400 Website: http://www.kenwood.co.uk/ Manufacture: Kenwood Chef, etc. Worldwide distribution Further Reading Practical Action Technical Briefs: Passion fruit jam Lime marmalade Jams, jellies and marmalades Strawberry jam Watermelon jelly Food labelling Fruit waste utilisation Juices and Drinks Snack Foods Technical manual on small-scale processing of fruits and vegetables, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Bellingham + Stanley Ltd. Longfield Road, North Farm Industrial Estate Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN2 3EY United Kingdom Tel: +44 1892 500400 Fax: +44 1892 543115 E-mail: sales@bs-ltd.com Website: http://www.bs-ltd.com/ Refractometers
Setting up and Running a Small Fruit or Vegetable Processing Enter prise: Opportunities in Food Processing CTA Starting a Small Food Processing Enterprise by Peter Fellows, Ernesto Franco & Walter Rios
Practical Action Publishing/CTA 1996 Small Scale Food Processing 2nd Ed. P Fellows & S Azam Ali, Practical Action Publishing, 2003 Fruit and Vegetable Processing UNIFEM Practical Action Publishing, 1993
Practical Action The Schumacher Centre Bourton-on-Dunsmore Rugby, Warwickshire, CV23 9QZ United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1926 634400 Fax: +44 (0)1926 634401 E-mail: inforserv@practicalaction.org.uk Website: http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/
Practical Action is a development charity with a difference. We know the simplest ideas can have the most profound, life-changing effect on poor people across the world. For over 40 years, we have been working closely with some of the world’s poorest people - using simple technology to fight poverty and transform their lives for the better. We currently work in 15 countries in Africa, South Asia and Latin America.
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