TNA Guidebook Series Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation: Agriculture Sector TNA Guidebook Series Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation – Agriculture Sector – This guidebook provides information on 22 technologies and options for adapting to climate change in the agriculture sector. It describes what policy makers, development planners, agriculture experts and other stakeholders in countries should consider while determining a technology development path in agriculture. NGOs, rural communities and agricultural practitioners could examine and include appropriate options in their portfolios of technologies and options for agriculture. The guidebook is expected to stimulate further work on identifying options for climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector in different parts of the world. This guidebook has been co-authored by Rebecca Clements, Alicia Quezada, and Juan Torres from Practical Action Latin America and Jeremy Haggar from the University of Greenwich, UK. They have extensive field experiences and strong expertise in supporting such activities in developing countries. UNEP Risø Centre Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy http://www.uneprisoe.org/ http://tech-action.org/ Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation – Agriculture Sector – Authors Rebecca Clements Practical Action Latin America Jeremy Haggar University of Greenwich Alicia Quezada Practical Action Latin America Juan Torres Practical Action Latin America Editor Xianli Zhu UNEP Risø Centre Reviewed by Bernd R. Eggen Abdul Rasack Houssein Nayamuth Jørgen Eivind Olsen Sara Lærke Meltofte Trærup August 2011 UNEP Risø Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy P.O. Box 49, 4000, Roskilde Denmark Phone +45 4677 5129 Fax +45 4632 1999 http://www.uneprisoe.org/ http://tech-action.org/ ISBN: 978-87-550-3927-8 Design and production: Magnum Custom Publishing New Delhi, India info@magnumbooks.org Photo acknowledgement: Front cover photo – Bali rice terrace, Indonesia, courtesy of Chensiyuan, Creative Commons 3.0 Unported Back cover photo – Grazing cattle herd in Hawaii, USA, courtesy of Forest & Kim Starr, Creative Commons 3.0 Unported This guidebook can be downloaded from http://tech-action.org/ Please use the following reference when quoting the guidebook: Clements, R., J. Haggar, A. Quezada, and J. Torres (2011). Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation – Agriculture Sector. X. Zhu (Ed.). UNEP Risø Centre, Roskilde, 2011 Disclaimer: This guidebook is intended to assist developing country governments, agriculture practitioners, and stakeholders in conducting Technology needs Assessment (TNA) and prepare technology action plans for adaptation to climate change in the agriculture sector under the Global Environment Facility (GEF) funded TNA project, implemented by UNEP and URC. The findings, suggestions, and conclusions presented in this publication are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the GEF or UNEP. Contents List of Tables, Figures and Boxes Abbreviations Preface Acknowledgements Executive Summary 1. 2. Introduction and Outline of the Guidebook Background 2.1 2.3 3. Key Concepts Levels of Adaptation 2.2. Agricultural Production Systems v ix xi xiii xv 1 5 5 16 22 27 27 28 31 35 36 36 43 50 54 59 60 71 76 85 85 91 97 Adaptation Decision-making and Prioritisation of Technologies 3.1 3.2 3.3 Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Identifying Options for Adaptation Key Criteria for Prioritisation of Adaptation Technologies 4. Concrete Adaptation Technologies and Practices in the Agriculture Sector 4.1 Planning for Climate Change and Variability 4.1.1 Climate Change Monitoring System 4.1.2 Seasonal to Interannual Prediction 4.1.3 Decentralised Community-run Early Warning Systems 4.1.4 Index-based Climate Insurance 4.2 Technologies for Sustainable Water Use and Management 4.2.1 Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation 4.2.2 Fog Harvesting 4.2.3 Rainwater Harvesting 4.3 Soil Management 4.3.1 Slow-forming Terraces 4.3.2 Conservation Tillage 4.3.3 Integrated Nutrient Management iii
Practical Action,