s'nf] pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ af9Ln] eTsfPsf] af“w k'glg{df{0f ub}{– u}8L, k|ultgu/ . 2 k[i7e"ld k|sf]ksf] b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfn ef}ule{s tyf hnjfo';DaGwL ;+s6x¿ k|lt ;Da]bgzLn b]z xf] . g]kfn hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf] b[li6sf]0fn] ljZjsf] #) cf}+ :yfgdf, e'sDkLo hf]lvdsf] b[li6sf]0fn] !! cf}+ :yfg / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvdsf] b[li6sf]0fn] 5}7f}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . xfn g]kfndf s]lGb|o tyf lhNnf:t/df ljkb\! Joj:yfkg -b}jLk|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt_ ;ldltx¿n] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ljleGg gLlt th'{df tyf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] ;dGjo ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . k|sf]k Joj:yfkg;DaGwL xfn;Dd ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿ /fxt / p2f/df a9L s]lGb«t b]lvG5g\ tfklg k"j{tof/L / hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfsf] cg'ej ;a} txdf ePsf] kfOG5 . k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf nflu s]lGb|o / lhNnf :t/sf cnfjf uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf :t/df klg k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / k|sf]k Joj:Yffkgsf sfdx¿ of]hgfa4 ?kdf ljsf; of]hgfx¿;“u ;dfof]hgf u/L sfof{Gjog ug{;s] k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Iflt k|efjsf/L ?kdf sd ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} k|sf]k kZrft\ p2f/, /fxt / k'g:yf{kgfdf x'g] si6 / vr{ sd xG5 . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of] hgfn] :yfgLo txdf JofKt ;+s6x¿ klxrfg u/L To;af6 x'g;Sg] Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf nflu laleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ klxrfg x'G5 / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ltgsf] lg/Gt/ sfof{Gjogn] To; If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ub{5 . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg / gjnk/f;Ln] lhNnfsf uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfx¿nfO{ k|sf]k ;Í6fled'vtfsf cfwf/df laleGg :t/df laefhg u/L clt pRr / pRr :t/df /x]sf uflj;x¿ tyf gu/kflnsfsf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ u/]sf 5g\ . k|flS6sn PSzg g]kfn sfof{no / o;sf :yfgLo ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿n] ;f] k|lqmofdf cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . o;af6 k|fKt cg'ej / l;sfO{ tyf ckgfOPsf k|lqmof / ljlw ;DalGwt lgsfo tyf ;+3;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;d]t pkof]uL x'g] / yk l;sfO{sf cfwf/df o; If]qdf ul/g] sfdx¿ cem k|efjsf/L x'g;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] of] hfgsf/L kq tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L ;DalGwt lhlj; tyf k|flS6sn PSzg, g]kfn sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 . ! b}jLk|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#( df ;ldltx¿nfO{ b}jLk|sf]k p2f/ ;ldlt gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5 tfklg xfn ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] k|rgndf cfO;s]sf] / k|:tfljt P]gdf æb}jLk|sf]kÆ nfO{ ljkb\ zAbn] la:yfkg ug{] ePsfn] ljkb\ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . Aff]l/Ë 7Ls eP gePsf] hf“r ub}{ k|fljlws;“u ls;fgx¿– lrtjg . 3 :yfgLo :t/df k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ug{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df tof/ e} sfof{Gjog r/0fdf /x]sf] Xof]uf] ;+/rgf sfo{of]hgf -@))%–@)!%_ n] :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o :t/df ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] k|fyldstf ;'lglZrt ug{ / sfof{ G jogdf alnof] ;+ : yfut cfwf/ :yfkgf ug{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu of] sfo{of]hgfn] ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] d'NofÍg, k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnL, ;d'bfosf] k|lt:yfkg Ifdtf clea[l4, hf]lvdhGo sf/0fx¿sf] Go"gLs/0f / ;a} :t/df k"jtof/Lsf] sfo{nfO{ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . b}jL k|sf]k p2f/ { P]g -@)#( –;+;f]wg ;lxt_ n] k|sf]k Joj:yfkgnfO{ :yfgLo, lhNnf / /fli6«o :t/df k|fyldstf;fy of]hgfa4 sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g -@)%%_ n] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ug{ uflj; tyf lhlj;sf] e"ldsfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . xfn d:of}bfdf /x]sf] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg P]gn] :yfgLo :t/df ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf / ;+/rgfut of]hgfa4 sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . oL ;a} k|fjwfgx¿ / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf cg';f/ uflj;÷gkf :t/df ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjog lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ / cTofjZos x'g uPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu :yfgLo :t/sf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of]hgf th{'df tyf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;+/rgf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cleÌ cË / dxTjk"0f{ ;"rs x'g hfG5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf th{'df k|lqmof uflj; :tl/o k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of]hgf ;d'bfo Pj+ :yfgLo k|fyldstfdf cfwfl/t x'g] x'gfn] of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf lhNnf tyf uflj;÷gkfsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf dxTjk'0f{ x'G5 . :yfgLo :t/sf] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of]hgf lgdf{0f sfo{ d'Vo u/L % r/0fdf ;DkÌ ug{ ;lsG5 . laleÌ r/0fx¿sf] jxfj lrq tn lbOPsf] 5 . lrq != :yfgLo :t/df k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmof . != ;Í6fled'v uflj;÷gkfsf] klxrfg / :t/Ls/0f #=) uflj;:t/Lo cg'lzIf0f tyf 5nkmn @= of]hgf th'{df ug{ ;Í6fled'v uflj;÷gkfsf] 5gf]6 #=@ uflj;÷gkfsf] tYofÍ ;Íng #=! j8f÷;d'bfo :t/df 5nkmn k|sf]k Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf th'{df ljlw -s_ k|sf]ksf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f / k|fyldlss/0f #= 5gf]6 ePsf uflj;÷gkfsf] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{df $= ;/f]sf/jfnf ;dGjo, of]hgf k|dfl0fs/0f / clGtd of]hgf tof/L #=# of]hgf th'{df sfo{zfnf -v_ uflj;÷;d'bfosf] Ifdtf ljZn]if0f #=$ ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] k|fljlws nfut Oli6d]6 %= of]hgf cg'df]bg tyf sfof{Gjog #=% d:of}bf of]hgf -u_ k|sf]k Joj:ofkg sfo{of]hgf th'{df 4 1 ;Í6fled'v uflj;÷gkfsf] klxrfg / :tl/s/0f laleÌ ;/f] s f/jfnfx¿;“ u -/fhg} l ts bnsf k|ltlglw, ljifout sfof{nox¿, k|sf]k If]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3;:yfx¿ cflb_ k/fdz{ u/L clt pRr, pRr, dWod, Go"g cflbdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . juL{s/0fdf laleÌ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] k|fyldstf cfk;df aflemg ;S5 . t;y{ juL{s/0f ubf{ uflj;÷gkfsf] ;Í6fled'vtfnfO{ j:t'ut ljZn]if0f u/L k|fKt glthf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ dfem 5nkmn ubf{ k|fyldlss/0fdf cfpg;Sg] c;dembf/L x6fpg ;lsG5 . ;Í6fled'vtfsf cfwf/x¿df uflj;÷gkfdf laBdfg ;Í6x¿, ltgLx¿sf] vt/fsf] cj:yf, tL;“u ;Dd'v hgwg tyf cfly{s, ef}lts, ;fdflhs, k|fs[lts ;DklQ / ;d'bfosf] ljkb\;“u h'‰g] tyf k'g:yf{lkt x'g;Sg] Ifdtf d'Vo x'G5g\ . -s_ ljutsf k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt tyf ;Ë6fled'v uflj;x¿ k|sf]k;DaGwL 36gf tyf ltgn] k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf cfwf/df klxrfg ug'{kb{5 . of] r/0fdf lhNnfsf laleÌ uflj;÷gkfdf b] v f k/] s f ;Í6x¿ ;'lrs[t ul/G5 . o; k|lqmofdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, ;DalGwt uflj;÷gkf tyf cGo lgsfodf ePsf tYofÍx¿sf] cfwf/ lng ;lsG5 . ;Í6x¿sf] pkl:yltsf cfwf/df uflj;÷gkfx¿nfO{ ;" r Ls[ t ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} M – af9L k| e fljt uflj;÷gkfx¿, klx/f] k|efljt uflj;÷gkfx¿, dxfdf/L k|efljt uflj;÷gkfx¿ cflb . o;/L ;"rLs[t uflj;÷gkfx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿n] Joxf]l//x]sf k|sf]k k|efj -Iflt_ tyf ltgLx¿sf] ;Í6fled'vtfsf cfwf/df laz]if1x¿sf] ;xof]u lnO{ lhNnfsf /fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglw k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] ljZn]if0f / sfof{Gjogsf] k|lta4tf JoQm ub}{– gjnk/f;L . 5 2 ;Í6fled'v uflj;÷gkfsf] 5gf]6 -v_ dfly ! -s_ cg';f/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] ;" r LnfO{ ;DalGwt uflj;÷gkfsf ;lrj, lhNnf l:yt laleÌ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;“u k/fdz{ u/L k| f Kt ;' e mfjsf cfwf/df lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf 5nkmn u/L :t/Ls/0fnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/]/ cfjZostf ePdf kl/dfh{g u/L clGtd ;"rL tof/ ug{'kb{5 . o;af6 a9L k|efljt uflj;÷gkfx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of] h gf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfwf/ k|fKt x'G5 . -s_ ;fwg / ;|f]tn] k'Ug] ;Gbe{df ;a} k|sf]k k|efljt Pj+ ;Í6fled'v uflj;÷gkfsf] of]hgf th'{df ug{ ;lsG5 t/ ;Lldt ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pkof]u u/L of]hgf th'{df ug'{kg]{ ePdf a9L k|efljt / ;Í6fled'v uflj;÷gkfnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL qmdzM of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ub}{ hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of]hgf / sfof{Gjog dfly klxnf] r/0fdf klxrfg / ;"rLs[t ePsf uflj;÷gkfsf] k|sf]k ;Í6fled'vtfsf] pRrtfsf] cfwf/df k|fyldstf lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o;/L of]hgf th'df { ug{ uflj;x¿ 5gf]6 ubf{ ;f] uflj;df k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;d]t ulx/fO{df ljZn]if0f ug'kb{5 . of]hgf th{df ug{ uflj; { ' 5gf]6 k|lqmofdf lhNnfsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 . of]hgf th'df ug{ ;DalGwt If]qdf bIftf xfl;n u/]sf ;+3;:yf jf JolQmx¿af6 { ;xof]u lng' pko'Qm x'G5 . -v_ k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{df ug{] ;Dk'0f{ k|lqmofsf] g]t[Tj / ;dGjo ug{ lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 lhlj; / cGo cfjZos k|ltlglw -lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf k|sf]k x]g]{ clwsf/L, lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{no, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, ;DalGwt ;+3;:yfsf k|ltlglw cflb_ /x]sf] Pp6f sfo{bn u7g u/L sfd cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 . lautsf sfdx¿sf] cg'ejdf of] sfo{bndf a9Ldf ;ft hgf /xg' pko'Qm b]lvPsf] 5 . sfo{bnsf] ;+of]hg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf of]hgf jf k|sf]k x]g]{ clwsf/Ln] ug'{k5{ . o;af6 ;DalGwt uflj;, gkfsf ljsf; k|s[of, of]hgf th'{df tyf cGo k|fyldstfx¿;“u ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf / o;sf] sfof{GjognfO{ Plss[t tyf ;+of]hg u/L cufl8 a9fpg / cGo lgsfo Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;“u ;dGjo ug{ ;xh / Jojxfl/s x'G5 . -u_ dfly -v_ adf]lhd ul7t sfo{bnn] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'df { ul/g] uflj;÷gkf / k|lqmofsf] sfo{;rL -s] ug],{ slxn] ug],{ sxf“ ug],{ s;/L " ug],{ s;n] ug]{ cflb_ cfjZos hgzlQm, ah]6 tyf of]hgf th'dfsf] la:t[t { sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf k]z u/L cfjZos lg0f{o -sfo{;rL / ah]6sf] :jLs[lt_ lng'k5{ . lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg " ;ldlt jf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] of]hgf th'df;DaGwL cfjZos ah]6 { Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]u lhlj;, ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf bft[ ;+:yfx¿af6 h'6fpg ;lsG5 . :jLs[t sfo{;rLsf cfwf/df lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg " ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿;“u ;dGjo u/L sfo{bnn] of]hgf th'dfsf] nflu { k/fdz{bftf÷;]jf k|bfos÷;xof]uL lgsfo 5gf]6 ug{k5{ . '
Practical Action,